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In
the preceding chapter we have already studied how Islam emphasizes
the importance of education and knowledge, how it highlights the
merits and the excellence of the learned people, and how it
enjoins upon its followers to leave no stone unturned to search
for knowledge and acquire it from wherever and from whomsoever it
is possible. Needless to say that the knowledge stressed by Islam
is not only knowledge of religion and articles of faith but it
also includes knowledge of history, social studies, sciences,
arts, humanities, etc. The revealed book of Islam, the Holy
Qur’an, teaches its followers, in one of its famous prayers, to
pray for welfare in this world and also in the next world (2:201).
Knowledge helps in achieving such welfare, and, therefore, Islam
gives due importance to all sorts of knowledge, material as well
as spiritual, temporal as well as religious. Here lies the
importance of knowledge of sciences, arts, humanities along with
knowledge of religion.
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Qur’an approves science and has no clash with it
In
this chapter we shall study how the revealed book of Islam
agitates the human mind to think and how the information revealed
by this book about universe, about the creation of heavens and the
earth, about the sun and stars, about the moon and planets, about
clouds and rain, about oceans and rivers, about man and other
living beings displays certain scientific truths which modern
science has approved some fourteen centuries after the revelation
of the Qur’an. Dr. Maurice Bucaille of France, the author of
renowned book “The Bible, The Qur’an And Science” says the Holy
Qur’an’s concept of the creation of the world, while different
from the ideas contained in the Bible, is in keeping with today’s
general theories on the formation of the universe. According to
him, the Qur’anic descriptions also agree with the current
scientific information concerning the evolution and movements of
heavenly bodies. He also states that the Qur’an includes
predictions about conquest of space and ideas about the water
cycle in nature and the earth’s relief, which were only proved
scientifically many centuries later.
The
Qur’an approves science and reason and it has no clash with them.
That is why the Muslim thinkers and philosophers of Middle Ages
were both religious scholars as well as scientists such as Razi,
Ghazzali, Jabir-bin-Hayyan, Ibn-i-Sina, Ibn-i-Rushd, Ibn-i-Khaldun,
Al-Beiruni and many others.
What
happened in Europe during the age of Renaissance and afterwards is
exactly opposite. The Renaissance in Europe during the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries brought in its wake the era of
discoveries, inventions, science and technology. Christianity
opposed, with its utmost strength, the rise of reason and science.
The powerful church setup inquisition courts to try those
intellectuals who differed with the church. Thus, scientists like
Copernicus, Galileo, etc. were humiliated, persecuted,
punished and oppressed. This made the religion and science as
enemies of each other and, therefore, the enlightened and educated
people began to dislike and hate religion which, in their opinion,
was based on ignorance and superstitions. With the rise of the
science and technology which started, in turn, the industrial
revolution, the decline of religion began. So, religion lost its
hold and was completely divorced from socio-economic and political
life, thus, confining itself to individual’s personal life only.
Consequently, Europe turned secular. But this is not
the case of Islam and Muslims, as Islam never opposed the rise of
reason, science and technology and the Muslims during the Middle
Ages produced many scientists who were equally adept in religious
scholarship.
I am
not a scientist. I have never studied any science subject even
during my career as a student. Therefore, I have no knowledge to
comment on the verses of the Qur’an which provide very useful
scientific data in every branch of science.
God
is Creator and sustainer of everything including the universe, the
heavens and the earth, and of all beings who are visible or
invisible to human eye and who are known or unknown to man. God is
All-knowing. His knowledge is unlimited. The Qur’an is His word
and it provides guidance to man in every important discipline of
his life. Man has been granted limited knowledge by his Creator.
Despite tall claims of progress of the modern science what the
science has discovered so far is only a drop in the ocean.
Scientific knowledge constantly changes, it is not final. Today
science proves a fact, tomorrow it disproves it. On the contrary
the Qur’an, which is word of God, is absolute truth and also it is
final truth. Therefore, we should test the veracity of scientific
data with the criterion of the Qur’an instead of testing the truth
of the Verses of the Qur’an by the standard of science.
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Al-Qur’an’s Scientific Approach
The
Qur’an adopts scientific approach. It does not claim blind
following. It appeals to human reasoning. It urges man to shun his
superstitions and make use of his thinking faculties. Man must
visit the land, see the signs of God within himself and around
him, think and meditate about the creations of God, keenly observe
the natural phenomenon and understand the purpose of his life and
then decide about his belief.
Let
us have a glance on the following few verses of the Qur’an which
invite us to apply our minds. There are many such verses in the
Qur’an but only few have been selected because of space
constraints.
-
Lo! in the creation of the havens and the earth,
and the difference of night and day, and the ships which run upon
the sea with that which is of use to men, and the water which
Allah sendeth down from the sky, thereby reviving the earth after
its death, and dispersing all kinds of beasts therein, and (in)
the ordinance of the winds, and the clouds obedient between heaven
and earth: are signs (of Allah’s sovereignty) for people who have
sense. (Al-Baqarah 2:164)
-
Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the earth
and (in) the difference of night and day are tokens (of His
sovereignty) for men of understanding, Such as remember Allah,
standing, sitting, and reclining, and consider the creation of the
heavens and the earth, (and say): Our Lord! Thou createdst not
this in vain, Glory be to Thee! Preserve us from the doom of Fire.
(Al-Imran 3:190-191)
-
He it is Who sendeth down water from the sky,
whence ye have drink, and whence are trees on which ye send your
beasts to pasture. Therewith He causeth crops to grow for you, and
the olive and the date-palm and grapes and all kinds of fruit. Lo!
here in is indeed a portent for people who reflect. And he hath
constrained the night and the day and the sun and the moon to be
of service unto you, and the stars are made subservient by His
command. Lo! herein indeed are portents for people who have sense;
(Al-Nahl 16:10-12)
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(This is) a Scripture that We have revealed unto
thee, full of blessing, that they may ponder its revelations, and
that men of understanding may reflect. (Sad 38:20)
-
Will they then not meditate on the Qur’an, or are
there locks on the hearts? (Muhammad 47:24)
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Open invitation of the Qur’an to conquer the universe as
everything created for service unto man
The
Qur’an states again and again that everything or most of the
things in the universe like heavens, the earth, the sun, the moon,
the stars, the rivers, the seas, the plants, the animals and many
others have been made of use to man. Hence the Qur’an gives an
open invitation to man to conquer the universe and make use of
every thing to his direct or indirect benefit. It says:
-
Allah is He Who created the heavens and the earth,
and causeth water to descend from the sky, thereby producing
fruits as food for you, and maketh the ships to be of service unto
you, that they may run upon the sea at His command, and hath made
of service unto you the rivers; And maketh the sun and the moon,
constant in their courses, to be of service unto you, and hath
made of service unto you the night and the day. (Ibrahim
14:32-33)
-
Hast thou not seen how Allah hath made all that is
in the earth subservient unto you? And the ship runneth upon the
sea by His command, and He holdeth back the heaven from falling on
the earth unless by His leave. Lo! Allah is, for mankind, Full of
Pity, Merciful. (Al-Hajj 22:65)
-
See ye not how Allah hath made serviceable unto you
whatsoever is in the skies and whatsoever is in the earth and hath
loaded you with His favours both without and within? Yet of
mankind is he who disputeth concerning Allah, without knowledge or
guidance or a Scripture giving light. (Luqman31:20)
-
Allah it is Who hath made the sea of service unto
you that the ships may run thereon by His command, and that ye may
seek of His bounty, and that haply ye may be thankful; And hath
made of service unto you whatsoever is in the heavens and
whatsoever is in the earth; it is all from Him. Lo! herein verily
are portents for people who reflect. (Al-Jathiyah 45:12-13)
-
O company of jinn and men, if ye have power to
penetrate (all) regions of the heavens and the earth, then
penetrate (them)! Ye will never penetrate them save with (Our)
sanction. (Ar-Rahman 55:33)
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Creation of the universe and of the heavens and the earth
In
the Qur’an there are hundreds of verses which throw light on the
creation of the universe, on the creation of the heavens and the
earth, and on creation of all which is in the heavens and the
earth. These verses also throw light on how the universe, how the
heavens and the earth, and how the things therein function and Who
has created them and who keeps them in order. On the one hand
these verses reject the Big-Bang Theory that universe came into
existence spontaneously as a matter of an accident and as a result
of a great explosion without any intended purpose, and on the
other hand they tell us how God, the Almighty One Lord of the
universe, created it consciously and created it not without
purpose. The scientific truths revealed in these verses are a food
for thought for the scientists, cosmologists, astronomers and
astrologers. Only a few of these verses are reproduced:
-
Lo! in the creation of the heavens and the earth,
and the difference of night and day, and the ships which run upon
the sea with that which is of use to men, and the water which
Allah sendeth down from the sky, thereby reviving the earth after
its death, and dispersing all kinds of beast therein, and (in) the
ordinance of the winds, and the clouds obedient between heaven and
earth: are signs (of Allah’s sovereignty) for people who have
sense. (2:Al-Baqarah:164)
-
Lo! Your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and
the earth in six days, then mounted He the Throne. He covereth the
night with the day, which is in haste to follow it, and hath made
the sun and the moon and the stars subservient by His command. His
verily is all creation and commandment. Blessed be Allah, the Lord
of the Worlds! (7:Al-A’raf:54)
-
Lo! your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and
the earth in six days, then He established Himself upon the
Throne, directing all things. There is no intercessor (with Him)
save after His permission. That is Allah, your Lord, so worship
Him. Oh, will ye not remind? (10:Yunus:3)
-
Allah it is Who raised up the heavens without
visible supports, then mounted the Throne, and compelled the sun
and the moon to be of service, each runneth unto an appointed
term; he ordereth the course; He detaileth the revelations, that
haply ye may be certain of the meeting with your Lord. And He it
is who spread out the earth and placed therein firm hills and
flowing streams, and all fruits He placed therein two spouses
(male and female). He covereth the night with the day. Lo! herein
verily are portents for people who take thought. (13:Ar-Ra’d:2-3)
-
And verily in the heaven We have set mansions of
the stars, and We have beautified it for beholders.
(15:Al-Hijr:16)
-
And the earth have We spread out, and placed
therein firm hills, and caused each seemly thing to grow therein.
And We have given unto you livelihoods therein, and unto those for
whom ye provide not. (15:Al-Hijr:19-20)
-
Have not those who disbelieve known that the
heavens and the earth were of one piece, then We parted them, and
We made every living thing of water? Will they not then believe?
And We have placed in the earth firm hills lest it quake with
them, and We have placed therein ravines as roads that haply they
may find their way. And We have made the sky a roof withheld (from
them). Yet they turn away from its portents. (21:Al-Anbiya:30:32)
-
Lo! Allah graspeth the heavens and the earth that
they deviate not, and if they were to deviate there is not one
that could grasp them after Him. Lo! He is ever Clement,
Forgiving. (35:Al-Fatir:41)
-
Say (O Muhammad, unto the idolaters): Disbelieve ye
verily in Him Who created the earth in two Days, and ascribe ye
unto Him rivals? He (and none else) is the Lord of the Worlds. He
placed therein firm hills rising above it, and blessed it and
measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for (all) who
ask: Then turned He to the heaven when it was smoke, and said unto
it and unto the earth: Come both of you, willingly or loth. They
said: We come, obedient. Then He ordained them seven heavens in
two Days and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked
the nether heaven with lamps and rendered it inviolable. That is
the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower. (41:Ha MimAs-Sajdah:9-12)
-
Who hath created seven heavens in harmony. Thou
(Muhammad) canst see no fault in the Beneficent One’s creation;
then look again: Canst thou see any rifts? Then look again and yet
again, thy sight will return unto thee weakened and made dim. And
verily We have beautified the world’s heaven with lamps, and We
have made them missiles for the devils, and for them We have
prepared the doom of flame. (67:Al-Mulk:3-5)
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Sun, Moon, Stars and Planets
Creation of sun, moon, stars and planets is highlighted by the
following Verses of Al-Qur’an:
-
He it is who appointed the sun a splendour and the
moon a light, and measured for her stages, that ye might know the
number of the years, and the reckoning. Allah created not (all)
that save in truth. He detaileth the revelations for people who
have knowledge. (10:Yunus:5)
-
And verily in the heaven We have set mansions of
the stars, and We have beautified it for beholders. And We have
guarded it from every outcast devil,
save him who stealeth the
hearing, and them doth a clear flame pursue. (15:Al-Hijr:16-18)
-
And He it is Who created the night and the day, and
the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.
(21:Al-Anbiya:33)
-
Hast thou not seen how Allah causeth the night to
pass into the day and causeth the day to pass into the night, and
hath subdued the sun and the moon (to do their work), each running
unto an appointed term; and that Allah is informed of what ye
do? (31:Luqman:29)
-
And the sun runneth on unto a resting-place for
him. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise. And for the
moon We have appointed mansions till she return like an old
shriveled palm-leaf. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon,
nor doth the night outstrip the day. They float each in an orbit.
(36:Ya Sin:38-40)
-
Lo! We have adorned the lowest heaven with an
ornament, the planets; (37:As-Saffat:6)
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Day and Night, Months and Years
-
Lo! In the creation of the heavens and the earth
and (in) the difference of night and day are tokens (of His
sovereignty) for the men of understanding (3:Al-Imran:190)
-
He is the Cleaver of the Daybreak, and He hath
appointed the night for stillness, and the sun and the moon for
reckoning, That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Wise.
(6:Al-An’am:96)
-
Lo! the number of the months with Allah is twelve
months by Allah’s ordinance in the day that He created the heavens
and the earth. (9:At-Taubah:36)
-
He it is Who appointed the sun a splendour and the
moon a light, and measured for her stages, that ye might know the
number of the years and the reckoning. Allah created not (all)
that save in truth. He detaileth the revelations for people who
have knowledge. (10:Yuus:5)
-
He it is who hath appointed for you the night that
ye should rest therein and the day giving sight. Lo! herein verily
are portents for a folk that heed. (10:Yunus:67)
-
And We appoint the night and the day two portents.
Then We make dark the portent of the night, and We make the
portent of the day sight giving, that ye may seek bounty from your
Lord, and that ye may know the computation of the years, and the
reckoning: and everything have We expounded with a clear
expounding. (17:Bani Isra’il:12)
-
And He it is Who created the night and the day, and
the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.
(21:Al-Anbiya:33)
-
Allah causeth the revolution of the day and the
night. Lo! herein is indeed a lesson for those who see.
(24:An-Nur:44)
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Water, Clouds, Rain and Winds
The
Qur’an in its following Verses tells us how God sends winds and
clouds, how rain falls on earth and how water revives the dead
earth and causes all types of vegetation and plants to grow:
-
Lo. In the creation of the heaven and the earth,
and the difference of night and day, and ships which run upon the
sea with that which is of use to men, and the water which Allah
sendeth down from the sky, thereby reviving the earth after its
death, and dispersing all kinds of beasts therein and (in) the
ordinance of the winds, and the clouds obedient between heaven and
earth: are signs (of Allah’s sovereignty) for people who have
sense. (2:Al-Baqarah:164)
-
And He it is who sendeth the winds as tidings
heralding His mercy, till, when they bear a cloud heavy (with
rain), We lead it to a dead land, and then cause water to descend
thereon and thereby bring forth fruits of every kind. Thus bring
We forth the dead. Haply ye may remember. (7:Al-A’raf:57)
-
And We send the winds fertilizing, and cause water
to descend from the sky, and give it you to drink. It is not ye
who are the holders of the store thereof. (15:Al-Hijr:22)
-
And We send down from the sky water in measure, and
We give it lodging in the earth, and lo! We are able to withdraw
it. Then We produce for you therewith gardens of date-palms and
grapes, wherein is much fruit for you and whereof ye eat;
(23:Al-Mu’minun:18-19)
-
Hast thou not seen how Allah wafteth the clouds.
Then gathereth them, then maketh them layers, and thou seest the
rain come forth from between them; He sendeth down from the heaven
mountains wherein is hail, and smiteth therewith whom He will, and
averteth it from whom He will. The flashing of His lightning all
but snatcheth away the sight. (24:An-Nur:43)
-
And Allah it is who sendeth the winds and they
raise a cloud; then We lead it unto a dead land and revive
therewith the earth after its death. Such is the Resurrection.
(35:Al-Fatir:9)
-
And have sent down from the rainy clouds abundant
water, Thereby to produce grain and plant, and gardens of thick
foliage. (78:An-Naba’:14-16)
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Oceans and Rivers
In
the following verses, the revealed book of Islam, Al Qur’an brings
in focus how the oceans and rivers were created and how they are
useful for human beings:
-
Allah is He Who created the heavens and the earth,
and causeth water to descend from the sky, thereby producing
fruits as food for you, and maketh the ships to be of service unto
you, that they may run upon the sea at His command and hath made
of service unto you the rivers; (14:Ibrahim:3)
-
And He it is Who hath constrained the sea to be of
service-that ye eat fresh meat from thence, and bring forth from
thence ornaments which ye wear. And thou seest the ships ploughing
it that ye (mankind) may seek of His bounty, and that haply ye may
give thanks. And he hath cast into the earth firm hills that it
quake not with you, and stream and roads that ye may find a way.
(16:An-Nahl:14-15)
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And two seas are not alike: this, fresh, sweet,
good to drink, this (other) bitter, salt. And from them both ye
eat fresh meat and derive the ornament that ye wear. And thou
seest the ship cleaving them with its prow that ye may seek of His
bounty, and that haply ye may give thanks. (35:Al-Fatir:12)
-
He hath loosed the two seas. They meet. There is a
barrier between them. They encroach not (one upon the other) Which
is it, of the favours of your Lord, that ye deny’ There cometh
forth from both of them the pearl and coralstone. Which is it, of
the favours of your Lord, that ye deny? His are the ships
displayed upon the sea, like banners. (55:Ar-Rahman:19-24)
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Creation of Man
God
created mankind from a single soul and that single soul (Adam) was
created of potter’s clay of black mud altered. From that single
soul was created its mate (Eve) and from them twain (Adam and Eve)
was created a multitude of men and women. This fact is brought
home by the Holy Qur’an, in its verses. The Qur’an in these verses
also tells us how drop of fluid in mother’s womb develops into a
living baby and how a baby gets its birth into this world. How an
infant attains full strength and enters into youth and how he
grows into old age which is the most abject time of life. Thus
speaks the Qur’an:
-
O mankind! Be careful of your duty to your Lord Who
created you from a single soul and from it created its mate and
from them twain hath spread abroad a multitude of men and women……
(4:An-Nisa:1)
-
He it is Who did create you from a single soul,
and therefrom did make his mate that he might take rest in her.
And when he covered her she bore a light burden, and she passed
(unnoticed) with it, but when it became heavy they cried unto
Allah, their Lord, saying: If Thou givest unto us aright we shall
be of the thankful. (7:Al-A’raf:189)
-
O mankind! If ye are in doubt concerning the
Resurrection’ then lo! We have created you from dust, then from a
drop of seed, then from a clot, then from a little lump of flesh
shapely and shapeless, that We may make (it) clear for you. And We
cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time,
and afterward We bring you forth as infants, then (give you
growth) that ye attain your full strength. And among you there is
he who dieth (young), and among you there is he who is brought
back to the most abject time of life, so that, after knowledge, he
knoweth naught. (22:Al-Hajj:5)
-
Verily We created man from a product of wet earth;
Then placed him as a drop (of seed) in a safe lodging; Then
fashioned We the drop a clot, then fashioned We the clot a little
lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the
bones with flesh, and then produced it as another creation. So
blessed be Allah, the Best of creators! Then lo! After that ye
surely die. (23:Al-Mu’minun:12-15)
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Creation of Animals
He is
God who has created cattle and animals and provides them
sustenance. God has made them subservient unto man who uses them
as beasts of burden, rides over them and also eats their meat. The
Qur’an in its following verses brings these facts into light:
-
There is not an animal in the earth, nor a flying
creature flying on two wings, but they are peoples like unto you.
We have neglected nothing in the Book (of Our decrees). Then unto
their Lord they will be gathered. (6:Al-An’am:38)
-
And the cattle hath He created, whence ye have warm
clothing and uses, and whereof ye eat; And wherein is beauty for
you, when ye bring them home, and when ye take them out to
pasture. And they bear your loads for you unto a land ye could not
reach save with great trouble to yourselves, Lo! your lord is Full
of Pity, Merciful. And horses and mules and asses (hath He
created) that ye may ride them, and for ornament. And he createth
that which ye know not. (16:An-Nahl:5-8)
-
Allah hath created every animal of water. Of them
is (a kind) that goeth upon its belly and (a kind) that goeth upon
two legs and (a kind) that goeth upon four. Allah createth what He
will. Lo! Allah is Able to do all things. (24:An-Nur:45)
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Plants, Crops, Gardens, Fruits
In
the following Verses, the Qur’an tells us how God creates plants,
vegetation, crops, gardens, fruits from the earth by irrigating it
with rain water, springs and flowing streams:
-
Who hath appointed the earth a resting-place for
you, and the sky a canopy; and causeth water to pour down from the
sky, thereby producing fruits as food for you. And do not set up
rivals to Allah when ye know (better). (2:Al-Baqarah:22)
-
He it is Who sendeth down water from the sky, and
therewith We bring forth buds of every kind: We bring forth the
green blade from which We bring forth the thick-clustered grain;
and from the date-palm, from the pollen thereof, spring pendant
bunches, and (We bring forth) gardens of grapes, and the olive and
the pomegranate, alike and unlike. Look upon the fruit thereof,
when they bear fruit, and upon its ripening. Lo! herein verily are
portents for a people who believe. (6:Al-An’am:99)
-
He it is Who produceth gardens trellised and
untrellised, and the date-palm, and crops of divers flavour, and
the olive and the pomegranate, like and unlike. Eat ye of the
fruit thereof when it fruiteth, and pay the due thereof upon the
harvest day, and be not prodigal. Lo! Allah loveth not the
prodigals.’ (6:Al-An’am:141)
-
And He it is who spread out the earth and placed
therein firm hills and flowing streams, and of all fruits he
placed therein two spouses (male and female). He covereth the
night with the day. Lo! herein verily are portents for people who
take thought. And in the Earth are neighbouring tracts, vineyards
and ploughed lands, and date-palms, like and unlike, which are
watered with one water. And we have made some of them to excel
others in fruit. Lo! Herein verily are portents for people who
have sense. (13:Ar-Ra’d:3-4)
-
Have they not seen how We lead the water to the
barren land and therewith bring forth crops whereof their cattle
eat, and they themselves? Will they not then see?
(32:AsSajdah:27)
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Everything Created in Pairs
God
has created every living being – humans, animals and plants – in
pairs. This is a great scientific truth which the scientists have
discovered only in recent age much after the revelation of the
Holy Qur’an. The Qur’an in the following verses highlights the
fact of creation in pairs of everything living.
-
Glory be to Him Who created all the sexual pairs,
of that which the earth groweth, and themselves, and of that which
they know not! (36:Ya Sin:36)
-
The Creator of the heavens and the earth. He hath
made for you pairs of yourselves, and of the cattle also pairs,
whereby He multiplieth you. Naught is as His likeness; and he is
the Hearer, the Seer. (42:Ash-Shura:11)
-
And all things We have created by pairs, that haply
ye may reflect. (51Adh-Dhariyat:49)
-
Where is every kind of fruit in pairs.
(55:Ar-Rahman:52)
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Everything Created of Water
God
has created life from water. Every living being– mankind, animals,
plants – has been created of water. This is again a great
scientific truth which modern science has discovered only
recently. It was certainly not known when the Qur’an was revealed
some fourteen centuries ago. And this establishes beyond doubt
that the Holy Qur’an is a divine book.
The
Qur’an in its following verses brings to light this fact that
everything has been created by God out of water.
-
Have not those who disbelieve known that the
heavens and the earth were of one piece, then We parted them, and
We made every living thing of water? Will they not then believe?
(21:Al-Anbiyah:30)
-
Allah hath created every animal of water…….
(24:An-Nur:25)
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And He it is Who hath created man from water, and
hath appointed for him kindred by blood and kindred by marriage;
for thy Lord is ever Powerful. (25:Al-Furqan:54)
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